Subversion Repositories PHPX

<?php

namespace PointedEars\PHPX\Db;

require_once __DIR__ . '/../global.inc';

/**
 * Generic database model class using PDO (PHP Data Objects)
 *
 * @property-read PDO $connection
 *   Database connection.  Established on read access to this
 *   property if not yet established.
 * @property-read array $lastError
 *   Last error information of the database operation.
 *   See {@link PDOStatement::errorInfo()}.
 * @property-read string $lastInsertId
 *   ID of the last inserted row, or the last value from a sequence object,
 *   depending on the underlying driver. May not be supported by all databases.
 * @property-read array $lastResult
 *   Last result of the database operation
 * @property-read boolean $lastSuccess
 *   Last success value of the database operation
 * @author Thomas Lahn
 */
class Database extends \PointedEars\PHPX\AbstractModel
{
  /* Access properties */

  /**
   * DSN of the database
   * @var string
   */
  protected $_dsn = '';

  /**
   * Username to access the database
   * @var string
   */
  protected $_username;

  /**
   * Password to access the database
   * @var string
   */
  protected $_password;

  /**
   * PDO driver-specific options
   * @var array
   */
  protected $_options = array();

  /**
   * Database-specific string to use for quoting a name or value
   * left-hand side (for security reasons and to prevent a name
   * from being parsed as a keyword).
   * @var string
   */
  protected $_leftQuote = '';

  /**
   * Database-specific string to use for quoting a name or value
   * left-hand side (for security reasons and to prevent a name
   * from being parsed as a keyword).
   * @var string
   */
  protected $_rightQuote = '';

  /* Status properties */

  /**
   * Database connection
   * @var PDO
   */
  protected $_connection;

  /**
   * Last success value of the database operation
   * @var boolean
   */
  protected $_lastSuccess;

  /**
   * Last error information of the database operation
   * @var array
   */
  protected $_lastError;

  /**
   * Last result of the database operation
   * @var array
   */
  protected $_lastResult;

  /**
  * ID of the last inserted row, or the last value from a sequence object,
  * depending on the underlying driver. May not be supported by all databases.
  * @var string
  */
  protected $_lastInsertId = '';

  /**
   * Creates a new <code>Database</code> instance.
   *
   * Each of the parameters is optional and can also be given
   * by a protected property where the parameter name is preceded
   * by <code>_</code>.  Parameter values overwrite the default
   * property values.  It is recommended to use default property
   * values of inheriting classes except for small applications
   * and testing purposes.
   *
   * @param string $dsn
   * @param string $username
   * @param string $password
   * @param array $options
   * @see PDO::__construct()
   */
  public function __construct ($dsn = '', $username = null,
    $password = null, array $options = array())
  {
    if ($dsn !== '')
    {
      $this->_dsn = $dsn;
    }

    if ($username !== null)
    {
      $this->_username = $username;
    }

    if ($password !== null)
    {
      $this->_password = $password;
    }

    if ($options)
    {
      $this->_options = $options;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Reads the connection configuration for this database
   * from the configuration file, .config
   *
   * There must be an INI section named "database:" followed
   * by the value of the <code>$_dbname</code> property
   * containing keys and values for the properties of the
   * <code>Database</code> instance.  Except for the key
   * <code>dbname</code>, which allows for aliases, all
   * keys are ignored if the corresponding properties
   * were set.  That is, definitions in the class file
   * override those in the configuration file.
   *
   * @return array|boolean
   *   The configuration array if the configuration
   *   file could be read, <code>false</code> otherwise.
   */
  public function readConfig ()
  {
    /* FIXME: Configuration file path should not be hardcoded */
    $config = parse_ini_file('.config', true);
    if ($config !== false)
    {
      $section = 'database:' . $this->_dbname;
      if (isset($config[$section]))
      {
        $dbconfig = $config[$section];
        $options = array(
          'host', 'port', 'dbname', 'username', 'password', 'charset'
        );

        foreach ($options as $key)
        {
          $property = "_$key";
          if (isset($dbconfig[$key])
               && ($key == 'dbname'
                   || (property_exists($this, $property)
                       && $this->$property === null)))
          {
            $this->$property = $dbconfig[$key];
          }
        }

        return $config[$section];
      }
    }

    return $config;
  }

  /**
   * @return PDO
   */
  public function getConnection ()
  {
    if ($this->_connection === null)
    {
      $this->_connection =
        new \PDO($this->_dsn, $this->_username, $this->_password, $this->_options);
    }

    return $this->_connection;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a database according to the specified parameters
   *
   * Should be overwritten and called by inheriting classes.
   *
   * @param string $dsn
   *   Connection DSN (required; must not include the database
   *   name).
   * @param string $username = null
   *   Connection username.  The default is specified by the
   *   <code>$_username</code> property.  Note that creating
   *   the database usually requires a user with more privileges
   *   than the one accessing the database or its tables.
   * @param string $password = null
   *   Connection password.  The default is specified by the
   *   <code>$_password</code> property.
   * @param array? $options = null
   *   Connection options.  The default is specified by the
   *   <code>$_options</code> property.
   * @param string $spec = null
   *   Additional database specifications, like character encoding
   *   and collation.
   * @param boolean $force = false
   *   If a true-value, the database will be attempted to be
   *   created even if there is a database of the name specified
   *   by the <code>$_dbname</code> property.
   * @return int
   *   The number of rows affected by the CREATE DATABASE statement.
   * @see PDO::__construct()
   * @see PDO::exec()
   */
  public function create ($dsn, $username = null, $password = null,
    array $options = null, $dbspec = null, $force = false)
  {
    $connection = new \PDO($dsn,
      $username !== null ? $username : $this->_username,
      $password !== null ? $password : $this->_password,
      $options !== null ? $options : $this->_options);

    $query = 'CREATE DATABASE'
           . (!$force ? ' IF NOT EXISTS' : '')
           . ' ' . $this->escapeName($this->_dbname)
           . ($dbspec ? ' ' . $dbspec : '');

    return $connection->exec($query);
  }

  /**
   * Maps column meta-information to a column definition.
   *
   * Should be overwritten and called by inheriting classes.
   *
   * @todo
   * @param array $value
   * @param string $column_name
   * @return string
   */
  protected function _columnDef (array $data, $column_name)
  {
    $def = (isset($data['unsigned']) && $data['unsigned'] ? 'UNSIGNED ' : '')
         . $data['type']
         . (isset($data['not_null']) && $data['not_null'] ? ' NOT NULL'                     : ' NULL')
         . (isset($data['default'])  && $data['default']  ? " DEFAULT {$data['default']}"   : '')
         . (isset($data['auto_inc']) && $data['auto_inc'] ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT'               : '')
         . (isset($data['unique'])   && $data['unique']   ? ' UNIQUE KEY'                   : '')
         . (isset($data['primary'])  && $data['primary']  ? ' PRIMARY KEY'                  : '')
         . (isset($data['comment'])  && $data['comment']  ? " COMMENT '{$data['comment']}'" : '');

    return $this->escapeName($column_name) . ' ' . $def;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a database table according to the specified parameters
   *
   * @todo
   * @param string $name
   * @param array $columns
   * @param array $options = null
   * @return bool
   * @see PDOStatement::execute()
   */
  public function createTable ($name, array $columns, array $options = null)
  {
    $class = \get_class($this);
    $query = 'CREATE TABLE '
      . $this->escapeName($name)
      . '('
      . array_map(array($this, '_columnDef'), $columns, array_keys($columns)) . ')';

    $stmt = $this->prepare($query);

    /* DEBUG */
    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        'query'  => $query,
      ));
    }

    $success =& $this->_lastSuccess;
    $success =  $stmt->execute();

    $errorInfo =& $this->_lastError;
    $errorInfo =  $stmt->errorInfo();

    $this->_resetLastInsertId();

    $result =& $this->_lastResult;
    $result =  $stmt->fetchAll();

    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        '_lastSuccess' => $success,
        '_lastError'    => $errorInfo,
        '_lastResult'  => $result
      ));
    }

    return $success;
  }

  /**
   * Initiates a transaction
   *
   * @return bool
   * @see PDO::beginTransaction()
   */
  public function beginTransaction()
  {
    return $this->connection->beginTransaction();
  }

  /**
   * Rolls back a transaction
   *
   * @return bool
   * @see PDO::rollBack()
   */
  public function rollBack()
  {
    return $this->connection->rollBack();
  }

  /**
   * Commits a transaction
   *
   * @return bool
   * @see PDO::commit()
   */
  public function commit()
  {
    return $this->connection->commit();
  }

  /**
   * Prepares a statement for execution with the database
   * @param string $query
   */
  public function prepare($query, array $driver_options = array())
  {
    return $this->connection->prepare($query, $driver_options);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the ID of the last inserted row, or the last value from
   * a sequence object, depending on the underlying driver.
   *
   * @return int
   */
  public function getLastInsertId()
  {
    return $this->_lastInsertId;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the date of last modification of this database or
   * one of its tables.
   *
   * To be overridden by inheriting classes.
   *
   * @param string $table (optional)
   *   Table name.  If not provided, all tables of this database
   *   are considered.
   * @return int|null
   *   Timestamp of last modification, or <code>null</code> if
   *   unavailable.
   */
  public function getLastModified ($table = null)
  {
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * Escapes a database name so that it can be used in a query.
   *
   * @param string $name
   *   The name to be escaped
   * @return string
   *   The escaped name
   */
  public function escapeName($name)
  {
    return $this->_leftQuote . $name . $this->_rightQuote;
  }

  /**
   * Determines if an array is associative (has not all integer keys).
   *
   * @author
   *   Algorithm courtesy of squirrel, <http://stackoverflow.com/a/5969617/855543>.
   * @param array $a
   * @return boolean
   *   <code>true</code> if <var>$a</var> is associative,
   *   <code>false</code> otherwise
   */
  protected function _isAssociativeArray(array $a)
  {
    for (reset($a); is_int(key($a)); next($a));
    return !is_null(key($a));
  }

  /**
   * Escapes an associative array so that its string representation can be used
   * as list with table or column aliases in a query.
   *
   * This method does not actually escape anything; it only inserts the
   * 'AS' keyword.  It should be overridden by inheriting methods.
   *
   * NOTE: This method intentionally does not check whether the array actually
   * is associative.
   *
   * @param array &$array
   *   The array to be escaped
   * @return array
   *   The escaped array
   */
  protected function _escapeAliasArray(array &$array)
  {
    foreach ($array as $column => &$value)
    {
      $quotedColumn = $column;
      if (strpos($column, $this->_leftQuote) === false
         && strpos($column, $this->_rightQuote) === false)
      {
        $quotedColumn = $this->_leftQuote . $column . $this->_rightQuote;
      }

      $value = $value . ' AS ' . $quotedColumn;
    }

    return $array;
  }

  /**
   * @param array $a
   * @param string $prefix
   */
  private static function _expand(array $a, $prefix)
  {
    $a2 = array();

    foreach ($a as $key => $value)
    {
      $a2[] = ':' . $prefix . ($key + 1);
    }

    return $a2;
  }

  /**
   * Escapes an associative array so that its string representation can be used
   * as value list in a query.
   *
   * This method should be overridden by inheriting classes to escape
   * column names as fitting for the database schema they support.  It is
   * strongly recommended that the overriding methods call this method with
   * an appropriate <var>$escape</var> parameter, pass all other parameters
   * on unchanged, and return its return value.
   *
   * NOTE: Intentionally does not check whether the array actually is associative!
   *
   * @param array &$array
   *   The array to be escaped
   * @param string $suffix
   *   The string to be appended to the column name for the value placeholder.
   *   The default is the empty string.
   * @param array $escape
   *   The strings to use left-hand side (index 0) and right-hand side (index 1)
   *   of the column name.  The default is the empty string, respectively.
   * @return array
   *   The escaped array
   */
  protected function _escapeValueArray(array &$array, $suffix = '')
  {
    $result = array();
    foreach ($array as $column => $value)
    {
      $op = '=';
      $placeholder = ":{$column}";

      if (is_array($value) && $this->_isAssociativeArray($value))
      {
        reset($value);
        $op = ' ' . key($value) . ' ';

        $value = $value[key($value)];
      }

      if (is_array($value))
      {
        $placeholder = '(' . implode(', ', self::_expand($value, $column)) . ')';
      }

      $result[] = $this->_leftQuote . $column . $this->_rightQuote . "{$op}{$placeholder}{$suffix}";
    }

    return $result;
  }

  /**
   * Constructs the WHERE part of a query
   *
   * @param string|array $where
   *   Condition
   * @param string $suffix
   *   The string to be appended to the column name for the value placeholder,
   *   passed on to {@link Database::_escapeValueArray()}.  The default is
   *   the empty string.
   * @return string
   * @see Database::_escapeValueArray()
   */
  protected function _where($where, $suffix = '')
  {
    if (!is_null($where))
    {
      if (is_array($where))
      {
        if (count($where) < 1)
        {
          return '';
        }

        if ($this->_isAssociativeArray($where))
        {
          $where = $this->_escapeValueArray($where, $suffix);
        }

        $where = '(' . implode(') AND (', $where) . ')';
      }

      return ' WHERE ' . $where;
    }

    return '';
  }

  /**
   * Selects data from one or more tables; the resulting records are stored
   * in the <code>result</code> property and returned as an associative array,
   * where the keys are the column (alias) names.
   *
   * @param string|array[string] $tables Table(s) to select from
   * @param string|array[string] $columns Column(s) to select from (optional)
   * @param string|array $where Condition (optional)
   * @param string $order Sort order (optional)
   *   If provided, MUST start with ORDER BY or GROUP BY
   * @param string $limit Limit (optional)
   * @param int $fetch_style
   *   The mode that should be used for {@link PDOStatement::fetchAll()}.
   *   The default is {@link PDO::FETCH_ASSOC}.
   * @param bool $fetchAll
   *   If <code>true</code> (default), fetches all rows at once.
   *   You can set this to <code>false</code> in case of memory problems,
   *   in which case this function will return the prepared
   *   {@link PDOStatement} instead of the result array.  You can then use
   *   {@link PDOStatement::fetch()} to get the returned rows iteratively.
   *   <var>fetch_style</var> will be ignored then, so that you can safely
   *   pass <code>null</code>, for example.
   * @return array|PDOStatement
   * @see Database::prepare()
   * @see PDOStatement::fetchAll()
   */
  public function select($tables, $columns = null, $where = null,
    $order = null, $limit = null, $fetch_style = \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,
    $fetchAll = true)
  {
    if (is_null($columns))
    {
      $columns = array('*');
    }

    if (is_array($columns))
    {
      if ($this->_isAssociativeArray($columns))
      {
        $columns = $this->_escapeAliasArray($columns);
      }

      $columns = implode(', ', $columns);
    }

    if (is_array($tables))
    {
      if ($this->_isAssociativeArray($columns))
      {
        $columns = $this->_escapeAliasArray($columns);
      }

      $tables = implode(', ', $tables);
    }

    $query = "SELECT {$columns} FROM {$tables}" . $this->_where($where);

    if (!is_null($order))
    {
      if (is_array($order))
      {
        $order = 'ORDER BY ' . implode(', ', $order);
      }

      $query .= " $order";
    }

    if (!is_null($limit))
    {
      $query .= " LIMIT $limit";
    }

    $stmt = ($fetchAll
      ? $this->prepare($query)
      : $this->prepare($query, array(\PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => \PDO::CURSOR_SCROLL)));

    $params = array();

    if (is_array($where) && $this->_isAssociativeArray($where))
    {
      /* FIXME: Export and reuse this */
      foreach ($where as $column => $condition)
      {
        /* TODO: Also handle function calls as keys */
        if (is_array($condition) && $this->_isAssociativeArray($condition))
        {
          reset($condition);
          $condition = $condition[key($condition)];

          if (is_array($condition))
          {
            foreach (self::_expand($condition, $column) as $param_index => $param_name)
            {
              $params[$param_name] = $condition[$param_index];
            }
          }
        }
        else
        {
          $params[":{$column}"] = $condition;
        }
      }
    }

    /* DEBUG */
    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        'query'  => $query,
        'params' => $params
      ));
    }

    $success =& $this->_lastSuccess;
    $success =  $stmt->execute($params);

    $errorInfo =& $this->_lastError;
    $errorInfo =  $stmt->errorInfo();

    $result =& $this->_lastResult;

    if ($fetchAll)
    {
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll($fetch_style);
    }
    else
    {
      $result = $stmt;
    }

    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        '_lastSuccess' => $success,
        '_lastError'   => $errorInfo,
        '_lastResult'  => $result
      ));
    }

    return $result;
  }

  /**
   * Sets and returns the ID of the last inserted row, or the last value from
   * a sequence object, depending on the underlying driver.
   *
   * @param string $name
   *   Name of the sequence object from which the ID should be returned.
   * @return string
   */
  protected function _setLastInsertId($name = null)
  {
    return ($this->_lastInsertId = $this->connection->lastInsertId($name));
  }

  /**
   * Resets the the ID of the last inserted row, or the last value from
   * a sequence object, depending on the underlying driver.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The default value
   */
  protected function _resetLastInsertId()
  {
    return ($this->_lastInsertId = '');
  }

  /**
   * Updates one or more records
   *
   * @param string|array $tables
   *   Table name
   * @param array $updates
   *   Associative array of column-value pairs
   * @param array|string $where
   *   Only the records matching this condition are updated
   * @return bool
   * @see PDOStatement::execute()
   */
  public function update ($tables, array $updates, $where = null)
  {
    if (!$tables)
    {
      throw new InvalidArgumentException('No table specified');
    }

    if (is_array($tables))
    {
      $tables = implode(', ', $tables);
    }

    if (!$updates)
    {
      throw new InvalidArgumentException('No values specified');
    }

    $params = array();

    if ($this->_isAssociativeArray($updates))
    {
      foreach ($updates as $key => $condition)
      {
        $params[":{$key}"] = $condition;
      }
    }

    $updates = implode(', ', $this->_escapeValueArray($updates));

    /* TODO: Should escape table names with escapeName(), but what about aliases? */
    $query = "UPDATE {$tables} SET {$updates}" . $this->_where($where, '2');

    $stmt = $this->prepare($query);

    if (is_array($where) && $this->_isAssociativeArray($where))
    {
      foreach ($where as $column => $condition)
      {
        if (is_array($condition) && $this->_isAssociativeArray($condition))
        {
          reset($condition);
          $condition = $condition[key($condition)];

          if (is_array($condition))
          {
            foreach (self::_expand($condition, $column) as $param_index => $param_name)
            {
              $params[$param_name] = $condition[$param_index];
            }
          }
        }
        else
        {
          $params[":{$column}2"] = $condition;
        }
      }
    }

    /* DEBUG */
    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        'query'  => $query,
        'params' => $params
      ));
    }

    $success =& $this->_lastSuccess;
    $success =  $stmt->execute($params);

    $errorInfo =& $this->_lastError;
    $errorInfo =  $stmt->errorInfo();

    $this->_resetLastInsertId();

    $result =& $this->_lastResult;
    $result =  $stmt->fetchAll();

    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        '_lastSuccess' => $success,
        '_lastError'    => $errorInfo,
        '_lastResult'  => $result
      ));
    }

    return $success;
  }

  /**
   * Inserts a record into a table.<p>The AUTO_INCREMENT value of the inserted
   * row, if any (> 0), is stored in the {@link $lastInsertId} property of
   * the <code>Database</code> instance.</p>
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   Table name
   * @param array|string $values
   *   Associative array of column-value pairs, indexed array,
   *   or comma-separated list of values.  If <var>$values</var> is not
   *   an associative array, <var>$cols</var> must be passed if the
   *   values are not in column order (see below).
   * @param array|string $cols
   *   Indexed array, or comma-separated list of column names.
   *   Needs only be passed if <var>$values</var> is not an associative array
   *   and the values are not in column order (default: <code>null</code>);
   *   is ignored otherwise.  <strong>You SHOULD NOT rely on column order.</strong>
   * @return bool
   * @see PDOStatement::execute()
   */
  public function insert ($table, $values, $cols = null)
  {
    if ($cols != null)
    {
      $cols = ' ('
            . (is_array($cols)
                ? implode(', ', array_map(array($this, 'escapeName'), $cols))
                : $cols) . ')';
    }
    else
    {
      $cols = '';
    }

    /* DEBUG */
    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 2)
    {
      debug(array('values' => $values));
    }

    $params = array();

    if (is_array($values))
    {
      if ($this->_isAssociativeArray($values))
      {
        foreach ($values as $key => $condition)
        {
          $params[":{$key}"] = $condition;
        }

        $values = $this->_escapeValueArray($values);

        $cols = '';
        $values = 'SET ' . implode(', ', $values);
      }
      else
      {
        foreach ($values as &$value)
        {
          if (is_string($value))
          {
            $value = "'" . $value . "'";
          }
        }

        $values = 'VALUES (' . implode(', ', $values) . ')';
      }
    }

    /* TODO: Should escape table names with escapeName(), but what about aliases? */
    $query = "INSERT INTO {$table} {$cols} {$values}";

    $stmt = $this->prepare($query);

      /* DEBUG */
    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
       debug(array(
         'query'  => $query,
         'params' => $params
       ));
    }

    $success =& $this->_lastSuccess;
    $success = $stmt->execute($params);

    $errorInfo =& $this->_lastError;
    $errorInfo =  $stmt->errorInfo();

    $this->_setLastInsertId();

    $result =& $this->_lastResult;
    $result =  $stmt->fetchAll();

    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        '_lastSuccess'  => $success,
        '_lastError'    => $errorInfo,
        '_lastInsertId' => $this->_lastInsertId,
        '_lastResult'   => $result
      ));
    }

    return $success;
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves all rows from a table
   *
   * @param int[optional] $fetch_style
   * @param int[optional] $column_index
   * @param array[optional] $ctor_args
   * @return array
   * @see PDOStatement::fetchAll()
   */
  public function fetchAll($table, $fetch_style = null, $column_index = null, array $ctor_args = null)
  {
    /* NOTE: Cannot use table name as statement parameter */
    $stmt = $this->prepare("SELECT * FROM $table");
    $this->_lastSuccess = $stmt->execute();

    $this->_lastError = $stmt->errorInfo();

    $result =& $this->_lastResult;

    if (is_null($fetch_style))
    {
      $fetch_style = \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC;
    }

    if (!is_null($ctor_args))
    {
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll($fetch_style, $column_index, $ctor_args);
    }
    else if (!is_null($column_index))
    {
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll($fetch_style, $column_index);
    }
    else if (!is_null($fetch_style))
    {
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll($fetch_style);
    }
    else
    {
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll();
    }

    return $result;
  }

  /**
   * Deletes one or more records
   *
   * @param string|array $tables
   *   Table name(s)
   * @param array|string $where
   *   Only the records matching this condition are deleted
   * @return bool
   * @see PDOStatement::execute()
   */
  public function delete($tables, $where = null)
  {
    if (!$tables)
    {
      throw new InvalidArgumentException('No table specified');
    }

    if (is_array($tables))
    {
      $tables = implode(', ', $tables);
    }

    $params = array();

    $query = "DELETE FROM {$tables}" . $this->_where($where);

    $stmt = $this->prepare($query);

    if ($this->_isAssociativeArray($where))
    {
      foreach ($where as $column => $condition)
      {
        if (is_array($condition) && $this->_isAssociativeArray($condition))
        {
          reset($condition);
          $condition = $condition[key($condition)];

          if (is_array($condition))
          {
            foreach (self::_expand($condition, $column) as $param_index => $param_name)
            {
              $params[$param_name] = $condition[$param_index];
            }
          }
        }
        else
        {
          $params[":{$column}"] = $condition;
        }
      }
    }

    /* DEBUG */
    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        'query'  => $query,
        'params' => $params
      ));
    }

    $success =& $this->_lastSuccess;
    $success =  $stmt->execute($params);

    $result =& $this->_lastResult;
    $result =  $stmt->fetchAll();

    $errorInfo =& $this->_lastError;
    $errorInfo =  $stmt->errorInfo();

    if (defined('DEBUG') && DEBUG > 1)
    {
      debug(array(
        '_lastSuccess' => $success,
        '_lastError'   => $errorInfo,
        '_lastResult'  => $result
      ));
    }

    return $success;
  }
}